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Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji (a Hindi term meaning “Respected Leader”), was born around January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa (now Odisha), India, and he passed away on August 18, 1945, in Taipei, Taiwan. He played a significant role as an Indian revolutionary during the struggle for independence against British colonial rule. Notably, Bose led an Indian national force from overseas in opposition to the Western powers during World War II. He coexisted with Mohandas K. Gandhi, sometimes as a collaborator and at other times as a competitor. Bose’s distinctiveness lay in his vigorous pursuit of independence and his advocacy for socialist policies.
Born into a well-off and distinguished Bengali legal family, Bose pursued education at Presidency College in Calcutta (now Kolkata). However, due to his involvement in nationalist activities, he was expelled in 1916. He furthered his studies at the Scottish Churches College and successfully completed his graduation in 1919. Subsequently, his parents sent him to the University of Cambridge in England with the intention of preparing him for the Indian Civil Service. In 1920, Bose successfully passed the civil service examination. However, upon learning of the nationalist upheavals in India in April 1921, he abandoned his pursuit of the civil service and swiftly returned to his homeland. During his journey, his elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose (1889–1950), a prosperous Calcutta lawyer and an active politician within the Indian National Congress, provided both financial and emotional support, which proved instrumental in shaping his early career.
Joining the noncooperation movement initiated by Mohandas K. Gandhi, who had transformed the Indian National Congress into a potent advocate of nonviolence, Bose received guidance from Gandhi to collaborate with Chitta Ranjan Das, a prominent political figure in Bengal. Under Das’s mentorship, Bose assumed roles as a youth educator, journalist, and leader of the Bengal Congress volunteers. His endeavors eventually led to his incarceration in December 1921. In 1924, he was designated as the chief executive officer of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, a position held in conjunction with Das’s mayoral responsibilities.
Simultaneously, there was a noticeable surge in vocal support for Gandhi within the Indian National Congress. Consequently, Gandhi reassumed a more authoritative position within the party. As the civil disobedience movement was initiated in 1930, Bose found himself already detained due to his affiliations with an underground revolutionary group known as the Bengal Volunteers. Despite his confinement, Bose’s election as the mayor of Calcutta transpired. Amid periods of liberation and subsequent re-arrests on suspicion of involvement in violent activities, Bose’s eventual release was granted due to his contraction of tuberculosis, necessitating his release on health grounds. Hindered by illness during his enforced exile, he authored “The Indian Struggle, 1920–1934,” advocating India’s cause to European leaders. In 1936, he returned from his European sojourn, only to be apprehended once again and eventually freed after a year.
While in Nazi Germany, Bose fell under the guidance of the newly established Special Bureau for India, overseen by Adam von Trott zu Solz. He and fellow Indians assembled in Berlin commenced regular broadcasts via the German-backed Azad Hind Radio, starting in January 1942. These broadcasts were conducted in English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, and Pashto.
Approximately a little over a year after the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia, Bose departed from Germany, utilizing German and Japanese submarines as well as aircraft. He arrived in Tokyo in May 1943. Taking charge on July 4, he assumed leadership of the Indian Independence Movement in East Asia. Supported and influenced by the Japanese, Bose embarked on the formation of a trained army of approximately 40,000 troops within Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia. On October 21, 1943, he officially proclaimed the establishment of a provisional independent Indian government, coinciding with the creation of the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj).
This force, alongside Japanese soldiers, advanced towards Rangoon (Yangon) and subsequently entered Indian territory on March 18, 1944, reaching Kohima and the plains of Imphal. Following a tenacious struggle, marked by the absence of Japanese aerial support, the combined Indian and Japanese forces faced defeat and were compelled to retreat. Nonetheless, the Indian National Army managed to retain its identity as a liberation force for a period, primarily based in Burma and subsequently in Indochina. However, with the downfall of Japan, Bose’s prospects came to an end. Just a few days after Japan’s announced surrender in August 1945, Bose reportedly met his demise while attempting to flee Southeast Asia. It is said that he succumbed to burn injuries sustained in a plane crash at a Japanese hospital in Taiwan.
In 1941, Subhash Chandra Bose managed to elude house arrest and departed India in a clever disguise. Notably, he even had a meeting with Adolf Hitler and gained support from Nazi Germany. Setting up the Free India Center in Berlin, Bose proceeded to enlist Indian prisoners of war (POWs) who had formerly fought for the British in North Africa and had been captured by Axis forces. This effort led to the formation of the Indian Legion, which comprised around 4500 soldiers.
In 1942, both the Indian Legion soldiers and representatives of the Special Bureau for India in Berlin bestowed upon Bose the honorary title of Netaji. During the peak of World War II, Nazi Germany was experiencing setbacks in the western front between 1942 and 1943, while Japanese forces were rapidly advancing in the eastern theater. Concurrently, India was grappling with the Bengal Famine and the fervent Quit India campaign. Following his struggles in Germany and amidst these complex global dynamics, Subhash Chandra Bose departed for Japan in 1943.
The 23rd of January witnesses the celebration of Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti, a commemoration of his significant contributions to the building of the nation. Born on this day in Cuttack, Odisha, Subhash Chandra Bose’s legacy is honored. Designated as ‘Parakram Diwas,’ this day serves as an occasion to celebrate and internalize the qualities of bravery and valor that Subhash Chandra Bose exemplified throughout his lifetime. Notably, it was on this same day in the previous year that a majestic statue of Netaji was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India at Kartavya Path. Schools, educators, government officials, and political figures, spanning across party lines, all come together to pay their respects to Netaji on this significant day.
Subhash Chandra Bose died on August 18, 1945, in a plane crash the INA forces were being captured or surrendered and he was en route to Tokyo through Taiwan. On August 18, 1945, Subhash Chandra Bose reportedly perished in an aeroplane collision over Taipeh, Taiwan (Formosa). There isn’t a lot of information available, despite the widespread belief that he survived the plane disaster.
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